PHẬT GIÁO ĐẠI THỪA CÓ PHẢI LÀ NGOẠI ĐẠO, TÀ GIÁO? - PHẦN 1: NGUỒN GỐC TIẾNG PALI VÀ KINH ĐIỂN PALI
PHẬT GIÁO ĐẠI THỪA CÓ PHẢI LÀ NGOẠI ĐẠO, TÀ GIÁO?
Is Mahayana Buddhism a Heretical Sect?
Part 1: The Origin of the Pali Language and the Pali Canon
Recently, an abbot at Chon Nhu Monastery, where Thich Minh Tue once studied, publicly criticized Thich Minh Tue and claimed that Mahayana Buddhism is heretical. This abbot argued that Mahayana Buddhism is a distortion influenced by Brahmanism, undermining the essence of Buddhism and promoting superstition.
This view is not just the personal opinion of this abbot but reflects a perspective deeply rooted in many followers of Theravada Buddhism, also known as Original Buddhism. According to this viewpoint, Mahayana Buddhism is seen as heretical and has been continually propagated as such to followers worldwide.
Today, I wish to share the arguments and evidence presented by Theravada Buddhists, along with some scholarly rebuttals based on my research into Buddhism.
The Origin of the Pali Language
Theravada Buddhism holds that the Pali Canon is the original scripture, first recorded after the Buddha's passing, and that Pali was the official language used in the Magadha region during the Buddha's time. They believe the Buddha used Pali for communication.
To examine this matter seriously, we need to explore the origins of Pali and its prevalence during the Buddha's lifetime. The question arises: What language did the Buddha use for communication?
Based on linguistic characteristics and the distribution of communities, we can investigate Pali. Similar to how Vietnamese is used by ethnic Vietnamese throughout Vietnam and by Vietnamese communities abroad, or how Chinese is used in China, each language needs a community and territory for its usage.
Returning to the languages of India and the distribution of communities using these languages, it appears that Pali was not a widely used language in India, and no community officially used Pali.
Therefore, the claim that Pali was the official language used by the Buddha and that the Pali Canon is the original scripture needs careful and objective reconsideration.
1. The Origin of the Pali Language
Pali, the language of the Theravada canon, originated from the tradition of commentary, where Pāli meant the original text quoted, distinguishing it from the commentaries or translations that followed. This term does not appear in canonical literature and is sometimes replaced by "tanti" in commentaries, meaning a string or lineage. The name "Pali" seems to have emerged in Sri Lanka in the early second millennium CE during a revival of Pali as a literary and courtly language.
2. The History of Pali Formation
Pali is considered a combination of several Prakrit languages from around the 3rd century BCE, partially influenced by Sanskrit. Although there is much confusion about the relationship between Pali and the language of ancient Magadha, modern scholars view Pali not as pre-Ashokan Magadhi but having some similarities with Magadhi scripts.
3. The Period Pali was Used in Buddhist Scriptures
According to Theravada tradition, recorded in chronicles such as Mahavamsa, the Pali Canon was first documented in the 1st century BCE due to threats to the Sangha from famine, war, and competition from the Abhayagiri Vihara tradition. During this time, Pali underwent some assimilation with Sanskrit.
In Sri Lanka, Pali declined around the 4th or 5th century as Sanskrit became more prominent but was revived thanks to the work of Buddhaghosa. Nearly all known Pali texts today are believed to originate from the Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya in Sri Lanka.
The oldest Pali inscriptions in mainland Southeast Asia date from the 4th century CE. By the 11th century, Pali had revived from the Pagan region, spreading to other parts of Southeast Asia.
Pali ceased to be used as a literary language in India in the 14th century but survived in other regions until the 18th century. Today, Pali is studied to access Buddhist scriptures and is often chanted in Theravada religious rituals.
4. The Language the Buddha Used
According to Theravada tradition, Pali is considered the language the Buddha used in his teachings. However, modern scholarly research suggests that Pali was not the exact language used by the Buddha. Instead, it is a literary language developed from several Prakrit languages, formed around the 3rd century BCE, and used to record Buddhist scriptures.
The Buddha may have used various languages and dialects depending on the regions where he taught. The Pali we know today might result from assimilation and development from these languages and dialects.
Despite differing viewpoints, modern scholars generally agree that Pali was not the only language the Buddha used. Instead, Pali is a language developed from several local dialects that the Buddha might have used in his teachings.
5. Conclusion
The Pali Canon is not the original scripture recorded from the Buddha's time. Instead, it was compiled and systematized from various Prakrit languages and dialects after the Buddha, around the 3rd century BCE, to preserve and disseminate his teachings.
From the research on the Pali language and the Pali Canon, it is clear that understanding the origins and development of these scriptures is crucial. Before adopting and spreading any Buddhist teachings, followers should take the time to understand their historical and linguistic background. This helps avoid misunderstandings and ensures that the teachings are accurately received and conveyed in the true spirit of the Buddha, preventing internal religious conflicts within Buddhism.
Quang Dang 05/07/2024
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India
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